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COLLOIDAL GOLD PRODUCT INFORMATION

3, 5, 10, 15, 30 nmColloidal Gold Conjugates[DISCONTINUED] Product Name: COLLOIDAL GOLD CONJUGATESCatalog Numbers:    CG0300...CG3054Appearance:Brown (3 nm gold conjugates), red (5, 10, 15 nm gold conjugates) or purple (30 nm gold conjugates) solutionsRevision:1.3 (March 2000)

Technical Assistance Online            Instructions in PDF Format

Contents

• Product Information
• General Considerations for Immunostaining with Colloidal Gold Reagents
• Electron Microscopy Immunolabeling with Colloidal Gold
  1. Cells in Suspension
  2. Thin Sections
• Silver Enhancement of Colloidal Gold for EM
• Immunolabeling and Silver Enhancement with Colloidal Gold for Light Microscopy
• Immunoblotting
• References

Warning:For research use only. Not recommended or intended for diagnosis of disease in humans or animals.Do not use internally or externally in humans or animals.Non radioactive and non carcinogenic. Product InformationThe Nanoprobes line of colloidal gold conjugates^1,2 consists of affinity purified IgG antibodies or streptavidin adsorbed to colloidal gold particles with 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 nm diameters.These conjugates are electron microscopy grade, but may also be used for light microscopy or blotting; they have been purified by size exclusion chromatography.

3 nm colloidal gold conjugates are packages with an optical density at 360 nm of 10.0. For 5 and 10 nm gold conjugates the optical density at 520 nm = 3.0; for 15 nm gold conjugaes it is 4.0; and for 30 nm gold conjugates it is 5.0.Except for the 30 nm conjugate, these conjugates come as solutions in 20mM Tris buffered saline, pH 8.2, with 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.5% sodium azide as stabilizers.The 30 nm conjugates may come similarly or with 0.05% Carbowax as a stabilizer.

Colloidal gold particle concentration and number of adsorbed antibodies:

From spectroscopic measurements on freshly prepared colloidal gold sols of different sizes, we have calculated the concentrations of gold particles in our commercial preparations of colloidal gold. These values assume that all the tetrachloroaurate used for the preparation is converted to colloidal gold, and that the gold particles are composed of metallic gold of density 19.31 grams per mL:

We have also calculated the approaximate numbers of IgG molecules and streptavidin which can adsorb to our gold particles. These values are based on a contact area for IgG of 45 nm², and for streptavidin of 25 nm², and assume that the IgG or streptavidin molecules cover 50 % of the surface area of the gold particles:

Please note: these values are estimates based on assumptions, and have not been confirmed by experimental measurements of size, particle counting, or determination of adsorbed antibodies or streptavidin.

Contents General Considerations for Immunostaining with Colloidal Gold ConjugatesBasically, normal methodologies may be used successfully with Colloidal Gold immunoreagents.¹ The concentration of antibody and gold is similar to other commercial preparations of colloidal gold antibodies. Therefore similar dilutions and blocking agents are appropriate. Over staining with osmium tetroxide, uranyl acetate or lead citrate may be conducted as with other colloidal gold preparations without obscuring the gold particles; for even higher contrast with cells or organelles in suspension, we recommend our NANOVAN³ and NANO-W negative stains.

Contents Electron Microscopy with Colloidal Gold ConjugatesIf aldehyde-containing reagents have been used for fixation, these must be quenched before labeling. This may be achieved by incubating the specimens for 5 minutes in 50 mM glycine solution in PBS (pH 7.4). Ammonium chloride (50 mM) or sodium borohydride (0.5 - 1 mg/ml) in PBS may be used instead of glycine.

Cells in Suspension

1. Optional fixing of cells: e.g., with glutaraldehyde (0.05 - 1% for 15 minutes) in PBS.Do not use Tris buffer since this contains an amine. After fixation, centrifuge cells (e.g. 1 ml at 10,000,000 cells/ml) at 300 X g, 5 minutes; discard supernatant; resuspend in 1 ml buffer.Repeat this washing (centrifugation and resuspension) 2 times.
2. Incubate cells with 0.02 M glycine in PBS (5 mins). Centrifuge, then resuspend cells in PBS-BSA buffer (specified below) for 5 minutes.
3. Place 50 - 200 microliters of cells into Eppendorf tube and add 5- 10 microliters of primary antibody (or antiserum). Incubate 30 minutes with occasional shaking (do not create bubbles which will denature proteins).
4. Wash cells using PBS-BSA as described in step 1 (2 X 5 mins). Resuspend in 1 ml Buffer 1.
5. Dilute Colloidal Gold conjugate ~ 50 times in PBS-BSA buffer and add 30 microliters to cells;incubate for 30 minutes with occasional shaking.
6. Wash cells in PBS-BSA as described in step 1 (2 X 5 mins).
7. Fix cells and antibodies using a final concentration of 1% glutaraldehyde in PBS for 15 minutes.Then remove fixative by washing with buffer 1 (3 X 5 mins).

PBS-BSA Buffer:

20 mM phosphate150 mM NaClpH 7.400.5% BSA0.1% gelatin (high purity)

Optional, may reduce background:0.5 M NaCl0.05% Tween 20PBS Buffer:

20 mM phosphate150 mM NaClpH 7.40

Negative staining may be used for electron microscopy of small structures or single molecules which are not embedded. Negative stain must be applied after the silver enhancement. NANOVAN³ and NANO-W negative stains are recommended for use with Colloidal Gold reagents for highest contrast imaging.

Thin Sections

Labeling with Colloidal Gold may be performed before or after embedding.⁴ Labeling before embedding and sectioning (the pre-embedding method) is used for the study of surface antigens, particularly small organisms such as viruses budding from host cells. It gives good preservation of cellular structure, and subsequent staining usually produces high contrast for study of the cellular details. Labeling after embedding and sectioning (the post-embedding method) allows the antibody access to the interior of the cells, and is used to label both exterior and interior features. The procedures for both methods are described below.

Thin sections mounted on grids are floated on drops of solutions on parafilm or in well plates.Hydrophobic resins usually require pre-etching. All commonly used embedding media may be used in Colloidal Gold labeling experiments.

PROCEDURE FOR PRE-EMBEDDING METHOD:⁴

1. Float on a drop of water for 5 - 10 minutes.
2. Incubate cells with 1 % bovine serum albumin in PBS buffer at pH 7.4 for 5 minutes; this blocks any non-specific protein binding sites and minimizes non-specific antibody binding.
3. Incubate with primary antibody, diluted at usual working concentration in PBS-BSA (30 mins - 1 hour, or usual time. Buffer formulations are given below.
4. Rinse with PBS-BSA (3 X 1 min).
5. Incubate with Colloidal Gold reagent diluted 1/40 - 1/200 in PBS-BSA with 1 % normal serum from the same species as the Colloidal Gold reagent, for 10 minutes to 1 hour at room temperature.
6. Rinse with PBS-BSA (3 X 1 min), then PBS (3 X 1 min).
7. Postfix with 1 % glutaraldehyde in PBS (10 mins).
8. Rinse in deionized water (2 X 5 min).
9. Dehydrate and embed according to usual procedure.
10. Stain (uranyl acetate, lead citrate or other positive staining reagent) as usual before examination.

Silver enhancement may be performed before or after embedding (see below); it should be completed before postfixing or staining with osmium tetroxide, uranyl acetate or similar reagents is carried out.

PROCEDURE FOR POST-EMBEDDING METHOD:⁴

1. Prepare sections on plastic or carbon-coated nickel grid. Float on a drop of water for 5 - 10 minutes.
2. Incubate with 1 % solution of bovine serum albumin in PBS buffer at pH 7.4 for 5 minutes to block non-specific protein binding sites.
3. Incubate with primary antibody, diluted at usual working concentration in PBS-BSA (1 hour or usual time. Buffer formulations are given below.
4. Rinse with PBS-BSA (3 X 1 min).
5. Incubate with Colloidal Gold reagent diluted 1/40 - 1/200 in PBS-BSA with 1 % normal serum from the same species as the Colloidal Gold reagent, for 10 minutes to 1 hour at room temperature.
6. Rinse with PBS (3 X 1 min).
7. Postfix with 1 % glutaraldehyde in PBS at room temperature (3 mins).
8. Rinse in deionized water for (2 X 5 min).
9. If desired, contrast sections with uranyl acetate and/or lead citrate before examination.

Silver enhancement may also be used to enlarge the Colloidal Gold gold particles (see below). Silver enhancement should be completed before stains such as uranyl acetate, osmium tetroxide or lead citrate are applied.

PBS-BSA Buffer:

20 mM phosphate150 mM NaClpH 7.400.5% BSA0.1% gelatin (high purity)

Optional, may reduce background:0.5 M NaCl0.05% Tween 20PBS Buffer:

20 mM phosphate150 mM NaClpH 7.40

Contents Silver Enhancement of Colloidal Gold for EM Colloidal Gold will nucleate silver deposition resulting in a dense particle 2-80 nm in size or larger depending on development time. If specimens are to be embedded, silver enhancement is usually performed after embedding, although it may be done first. It must be completed before any staining reagents such as osmium tetroxide, lead citrate or uranyl acetate are applied, since these will nucleate silver deposition in the same manner as gold and produce non-specific staining.

Our LI SILVER silver enhancement system is convenient and not light sensitive, and suitable for all applications. Improved results in the EM may be obtained using HQ SILVER, which is formulated to give more controllable particle growth and uniform particle size distribution, at neutral pH for best possible ultrastructural preservation.⁵

Specimens must be thoroughly rinsed with deionized water before silver enhancement reagents are applied. This is because the buffers used for antibody incubations and washes contain chloride ions and other anions which form insoluble precipitates with silver. These are often light-sensitive and will give non-specific staining. To prepare the developer, mix equal amounts of the enhancer and initiator immediately before use. Colloidal Gold will nucleate silver deposition resulting in a dense particle 2-20 nm in size or larger depending on development time. Use nickel grids (not copper).

The relevent procedure for immunolabeling should be followed up to step 7 as described above. Silver enhancement is then performed as follows:

1. Rinse with deionized water (2 X 5 mins).
2. Float grid with specimen on freshly mixed developer for 1-8 minutes, or as directed in the instructions for the silver reagent.More or less time can be used to control particle size. A series of different development times should be tried, to find the optimum time for your experiment. With HQ silver, a development time of 4 min. gives 15-40 nm round particles.
3. Rinse with deionized water (3 X 1 min).
4. Mount and stain as usual.

Fixing with osmium tetroxide may cause some loss of silver; if this is found to be a problem, slightly longer development times may be appropriate.

NOTE: Treatment with osmium tetroxide followed by uranyl acetate staining can lead to much more drastic loss of the silver enhanced NANOGOLD®particles. This may be prevented by gold toning:⁶

1. After silver enhancement, wash thoroughly with dionized water.
2. 0.05 % gold chloride: 10 minutes at 4°C.
3. Wash with deionized water.
4. 0.5 % oxalic acid: 2 mins at room temperature.
5. 1 % sodium thiosulfate (freshly made) for 1 hour.
6. Wash thoroughly with deionized water and embed according to usual procedure.

Contents Immunolabeling and Silver Enhancement with Colloidal Gold for Light MicroscopyFeatures labeled with Colloidal Gold will be stained black in the light microscope upon silver enhancement. Different development times should be tried to determine which is best for your experiment. The procedure for immunolabeling is similar to that for EM; a suitable procedure is given below.

Samples must be rinsed with deionized water before silver enhancement. This is because the reagent contains silver ions in solution, which react to form a precipitate with chloride, phosphate and other anions which are components of buffer solutions. The procedure for immunolabeling with Colloidal Gold and silver enhancement is given below.

1. Spin cells onto slides using Cytospin, or use parafin section.
2. Incubate with 1 % solution of bovine serum albumin in PBS (PBS-BSA) for 10 minutes to block non-specific protein binding sites.
3. Incubate with primary antibody, diluted at usual working concentration in PBS-BSA (1 hour or usual time)
4. Rinse with PBS-BSA (3 X 2 min).
5. Incubate with Colloidal Gold reagent diluted 1/40 - 1/200 in PBS-BSA with 1 % normal serum from the same species as the Colloidal Gold reagent, for 1 hour at room temperature.
6. Rinse with PBS (3 X 5 min).
7. Postfix with 1 % glutaraldehyde in PBS at room temperature (3 mins).
8. Rinse with deionized water (3 X 1 min).
9. Develop specimen with freshly mixed developer for 5-20 minutes, or as directed in the instructions for the silver reagent. More or less time can be used to control intensity of signal. A series of different development times may be used, to find the optimum enhancement for your experiment; generally a shorter antibody incubation time will require a longer silver development time.
10. Rinse with deionized water (2 X 5 mins).
11. The specimen may now be stained if desired before examination, with usual reagents.

PBS-BSA Buffer:

20 mM phosphate150 mM NaClpH 7.400.5% BSA0.1% gelatin (high purity)

Optional, may reduce background:0.5 M NaCl0.05% Tween 20PBS Buffer:

20 mM phosphate150 mM NaClpH 7.40

To obtain an especially dark silver signal, the silver enhancement may be repeated with a freshly mixed portion of developer.

Contents ImmunoblottingThe basic procedure for gold immunoblotting has been described by Moeremans et al,⁷ which may be followed. For best results, the membrane should be hydrated before use by simmering in gently boiling water for 15 minutes. Best results are obtained when the antigen is applied using a 1 microliters capillary tube. The procedure for immunoblots is as follows:

1. Spot 1 microliters dilutions of the antigen in buffer 4 onto hydrated nitrocellulose membrane. Use an antigen concentration range from 100 ng to 0.01 pg / microliter.
2. Block with buffer 1 for 30 minutes at 37°C.
3. Incubate with primary antibody according to usual procedure (usually 1 or 2 hours).
4. Rinse with buffer 1 (3 X 10 mins).
5. Incubate with a 1/100 to 1/200 dilution of theColloidal Gold reagent in buffer 2 for 2 hours at room temperature.
6. Rinse with buffer 3 (3 X 5 mins), then buffer 4 (2 X 5 mins).
7. OPTIONAL (may improve sensitivity): Postfix with glutaraldehyde, 1 % in buffer 4 (10 mins).
8. Rinse with deionized water (2 X 5 mins).
9. OPTIONAL (may reduce background): Rinse with 0.05 M EDTA at pH 4.5 (5 mins).
10. Develop with freshly mixed silver developer for 20-25 minutes or as directed in the instructions for the silver reagent, twice. Rinse thoroughly with deionized water between developments to remove all the reagent.
11. Rinse several times with deionized water.

Buffer 1:

20 mM phosphate150 mM NaClpH 7.404% BSA (bovine serum albumin)2 mM sodium azide (NaN₃)Buffer 2:

20 mM phosphate150 mM NaClpH 7.40.8% BSA1% normal serum; use serum of the host animal for the NANOGOLD® antibody0.1% gelatin (Type B, approx. 60 bloom)

Optional, may reduce background:0.5 M NaCl0.05% Tween 20Buffer 3:

20 mM phosphate150 mM NaClpH 7.400.8% BSA (bovine serum albumin)2 mM sodium azideBuffer 4 (PBS):

20 mM phosphate150 mM NaClpH 7.4

Other procedures may be used; for example theColloidal Gold reagent may be used as a tertiary labeled antibody, or a customColloidal Gold conjugate may be the primary antibody. If additional antibody incubation steps are used, rinse with buffer 3 (3 X 10 mins) after incubation.

Contents References

1. Matsubara, A., Laake, J. H., Davanger, S., Usami, S.-I., and Otterson, O. P.: J. Neuroscience, 16, 4457-4467 (1996).

2. Handley, D. A., in "Colloidal Gold: Principles, Methods and Applications;" M. A. Hayat, ed.; Vol. 1, p. 1; Academic Press, San Diego, CA (1989).

3. Tracz, E., Dickson, D. W., Hainfeld, J. F., and Ksiezak-Reding, H. Brain Res., 773, 33-44 (1997); Gregori, L., Hainfeld, J. F., Simon, M. N., and Goldgaber, D. Binding of amyloid beta protein to the 20S proteasome. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 58-62 (1997); Hainfeld, J. F.; Safer, D.; Wall, J. S.; Simon, M. N.; Lin, B. J., and Powell, R. D.; Proc. 52nd Ann. Mtg., Micros. Soc. Amer.; G. W. Bailey and Garratt-Reed, A. J., (Eds.); San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, 1994, p. 132.

4. J. E. Beesley, in "Colloidal Gold: Principles, Methods and Applications," M. A. Hayat, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1989; Vol. 1, pp. 421-425.

5. Humbel, B. M.; Sibon, O. C. M.; Stierhof, Y.-D., and Schwarz, H.: J. Histochem. Cytochem., 43, 735-737 (1995).

6. Arai, R., et al.; Brain Res. Bull.28, 343-345 (1992).

7. Moeremans, M. et al., J.Immunol. Meth., 74, 353 (1984).

Contents

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Nanoprobes was founded in 1990 by Dr. James F. Hainfeld, along with a group of scientists who were also alumni of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The independent research facility they formed has allowed Dr. Hainfeld and his colleagues the freedom to pursue some of the greatest challenges in research: seeking cures for cancer and other diseases.

While part of the funding for these endeavors has come from research grants, another source had to be found, as the scientific community faces ever-increasing government cutbacks. To this end, Nanoprobes began to offer many of the nanoparticle technologies developed by its members for use in other scientists' research.